ZXir QLive Alive

ZXtt <Altfo!

ffiefogjetter

Volume 3 Number 2 Summer 1993

MEMORY MAP

ROUTINES ADDRESS

T/SNUG Chairmen 1

T/SNUG mformation 2

From the Chairman's desk 3

Library 5

rTEMS available from T/SNUG 5

Special Deals and Buys 6

kput/Output 16

Treasurer Notes 17

ARTICLES

SPDOS for Ramex Mellina K 6

RecordKeeping 7

DiskLife 9

Ads 14

Questionare 15

Our Dealers 18

T/SNUG CHAIRMEN

Here is the list of 1993 T/SNUG Chairmen and how to contact them We wish to support the
following SIGS:- ZX-80/81/TS-1000, Z88, SPECTRUM/TS-2068/TC-2068 and QL if you have any
questions about any of these fine machines, contact the Chairman.

POSITION

NAME

PHONE

PRIMARY FUNCTION

Chairman

Don Lambert (ISTUG)

219 925-1372

ChiefMotivator

Vice-Chainnan

D.G. Smith

814 535-6996

Tape &JLO Library

Vice-Chairman

Dave Bennett (CATS)

717 774-7531

Z-88

Vice-Chairman

Ed Snow

407 380-5124

ZX-81 Tape Library

Vice-Chairman

Rod Gowen (CCATS)

503 655-7484

RMG

Vice-Chairman

Rod Humphreys (VSUG)

604 931-5509

TS-2068

Vice-Chairman

Bob Swoger (CATUG)

708 837-7957

BBS/LARKEN

Treasurer

Abed Kahale (CATUG)

708 885-4337

Cash Tracker/Newsletter

Copyright © 1991 Timex/Sinclair NorthAmerican User Groups

ZXk QLive Alive!

Volume 3 Number 2 Summer 1993

T/SNUG Information

ZXir QLive Alive! •

the newsletter of T/SNUG, the
Timex/Sinclair North American User
Groups, providing news and software
support to the T/S community in at least
four newsletters per year.

It is our goal to build and maintain a
Public Domain software library and
develop a list of available software for
all T/S computers showing the source.

T/SNUG wishes to have one
chairman from every T/S user group who
will take charge of sending us their
group's newsletter contents and other
correspondence for inclusion in the ZQA
Newsletter.

We encourage your group to copy
this newsletter and distribute it at regular
meetings to all your members. If you
cannot copy this newsletter, perhaps we
can provide a disk with the articles on it.

YOU can keep T/SNUG alive for an
annual contribution of $10 made payable
to Abed Kahale. Send check to:-

ABEDKAHALE

ZXir QLive ALivef Newsletter

335 W NEWPORT RD

HOFFMAN ESTATES 1L 60195-3106

Phone:- 708 885-4337

ZXir QLive Alive!
Articles Contributions

If you like to contribute an article to the
Newsletter, upload a file to our BBS called
TSNUG.ART . If you have an AD for the
Newsletter, UPLOAD a file called
TSNUG.ADS. If you have news to post

about your group, UPLOAD a file called
TSNUG.NWS

For help, contact the SYSOP by E-
MAIL on the TSNUG BBS, mail or phone:-

BOB SWOGER (C ATUG/LarKen)
613 PARKSIDE OR
STREAMWOOD IL 60107-1647

It is preferred that you call:-

H 708 837-7957 W 708 576-8068

To contribute a hardcopy, tape or disk
your inputs to:-

DONALD LAMBERT
ZXir (Jive ALive! Newsletter
1301 KIBIJNGERPL
AUBURN IN 46706-3010
Phone 219 925-1372

for software libraries, write or call the
following Vice-Chairmen When writing
PLEASE enclose aLSASE .

DAVE BENNETT (Z88)
329 WALTON ST REAR
LEMOYNE PA 17045

ROD GOWEN (CCATS)
14784 QUAIL GROVE OR
OREGON CITY OR 97045

ROD HUMPHREYS (VSUG/2068)

10984 COLLINS PL

DELTA B C V4C 7E6 CANADA

D G SMITH (2068 TAPE & JLO)
R415 STONE ST
JOHNSTOWN PA 15906

ED SNOW (ZX-81 TAPE)
2136 CHURCHILL DOWNS OR
ORLANDO FL 32825

2

FROM THE CHAIRMANS DESK ^

Here I am starting Vol . 3 #2 and
I have seen only the advance
copies of Vol- 2 #4 and Vol. 3
# i. But that is the way with
publication. You have to work
far in advance to keep up.

I have found yet another DOS
(Disk Operating System) for the
T/S 2068. It is not a new one
but one that was called to my
attention while Frank Davis and
I were discussing the T/S 2068
and the DOS available for it. I
mentioned the Ramex and he
mentioned that it was the Ramex
Millenia K which was from U. K.
and that it was also usable on
the Oliger system. So I found
out more details. This all
happened at a meeting of ISTU6.
More about that in a separate
article. I was also discussing
having an AERCO 2068 disk
interface but I don't want to
have yet another set of drives
and also I don't have room to
have another computer setup all
the time. Besides, a software
only DOS was interesting.

I have a T/S 2068 with the
Russell Spectrum Rom installed
but I think that there is
something wrong with it. I can
not get it to operate correctly
(or what I think is correctly).
And without another computer set
up the same way that is working
correctly I don't really know.
It seems to work with a pure
Larken disk interface but when
I try to use an Oliger with a
Larken dock board seems to be
when I have the trouble. I am
planning to install a Spectrum
EPROM on the Larken dock board
and see if that is a better way
of going.

A thought just crossed my mind,
"How do we stay with our T/S
computers when the last one
bites the trail?" And it came to
me that since there are programs
to emulate the ZX81 and the
Spectrum and I believe the QL
for the MSDOS computers that is
the way we will have to go to

to stay with the software and
possibly some of the hardware
that we currently use. I would
like to hear from anyone that
has successfully used a MSDOS
computer to emulate any of the
above and the luck in converting
the original T/S programs to run
on the Emulators. I am
especially interested in which
MSDOS computers will run the
software.

I saw an article on using
computers to preserve family
history. Of course it is a
program or suite of programs to
do that offered by colleges or
a software developer. Howver,
with our trusty T/S computers
and a little ingenuity it is
possible to do it without their
software package and get it
printed out far cheaper. See
Preserving Family History.

About the Larken Ramdisk and
battery life. I put a pair of
alkaline AAA batteries in my
orginal Larken Ramdisk in May
1989 and the voltage of the
batteries is still 2.9 volts or
1.45 volts each. Of course that
Ramdisk has only 128K of memory.
My working Ramdisk with 256K of
memory probably will have a
faster battery drain. I did
write to Radio Shack but the
reply was not very helpful 1
since they could not tell me how
long the batteries would take to
drop to 1.1 each or a total of
2.2. The static ram chips
require at least 2.0 volts to
maintain memory.

I was sent a disk with some
files on it for the Larken disk
interface. But there was a
problem. The disk was 3.5 and
all I have are 5.25. No problem
except that when I took it to
the ISTUG meeting I found that
Paul's 3.5 disk drive would not
read the directory. But Frank's
3.5 would but the other drive
was a 80 track and the copy
program was on a 40 track disk.
So I LOADed the copy program and
unplugged the disk interface

and plugged in Frank's, and then
copied the disk. Sort of round
the rosy sort of deal but I got
it done. The drives I take to
the meeting are two 1/2 height
40 track drives.

I use D. U. S. by Kristian
Boisvert and use copy I I. Bl to do
the copying. It FORMATS the disk
as it copies and it also starts
with track 0 so whatever is the
title of the orginal disk is
copied. It also copies 5 tracks
at a time so there is less disk
drive operation. But it will
only work with the Larken disk
interface. In copying a set of
disks for the CATUG library I
did discover that occasionally
it does not actually copy a
disk. Nor does it report BAD
DISK! However, since I always
check for a correct SAVE after
I have finished I discovered
that I had a problem. Two disks
out of about 60 actually refused
to accept a copy using D. U. S.
copy 1 1 program. And the disk had
been FORMAT ted with the Larken
so there is something strange
going on.

After using the Oliger disk
interface there is one feature
of Oliger that I like. And that
is it reports how many bytes is
saved in each file on the disk
when you do a CAT. Of course the
Larken does report how many
blocks of text are in each file
but the Oliger does let you know
just exactly how many bytes are
in the blocks of the files. It
is really nice when working with
a wordprocessor since you can
look with MSCRIPT to see how big
the file is and chack to see if
that is what is SAVEd. Of course
for a reason that I don't have
the answer to the text SAVEd to
disk is always 1 byte more than
the size of the file given by
MSCRIPT.

I had a call out for a full
height double sided double
density Tandon TM 100-2A disk
drive(s) and I got a response on
April 1st but nothing

materialized. Then this last
week (first week of June) I got
a call from Bob Swoger and a
fellow there thought he could
find me some drives that he
thought might be Tandon drives.
So I asked for 3. He also was
wanting a full height 80 track
drive which I will exchange with
him. Then a few days later I got
a call from the first person and
he is going to send me some
Tandon drives. Since all drives
are used off of IBM computers
during upgrading they could be
clunkers. So if I get two
working drives out of the 6 I
will be not badly off in price
since full height drives are
almost non existent. It pays to
have a stock pile of some parts
in case of failure. I will
either have 6 untested drives or
none'.

And I got a call from a person
that I was working with by
letters and telephone when I was
in Iowa (I moved here in 1990)
on problems with the ZX81 and he
dropped out of sight. Since he
has changed work places and
moved so he wanted the address
of SMUG so he could go to
meetings. He is in electronics
and is trying to get back to
tinkering with the ZX81.

I have finally decided to set up
a schedule of publication for
ZXir QLive Alive! With
publication set for January,
April, July and October I
decided that I should have a cut
off date for material submitted.
Camera ready ads (ready to be
copied in the newsletter) can be
accepted up to the day before I
mail the material to Bob Swoger
to be printed. That day will be
the 15th of the month preceeding
publication. That will give Bob
a chance to get it printed and
delivered to Abed Kahale for
mailing in time to meet thp
schedule. This month is a littU
late since it is already June
17th. Other material can be
submitted anytime but if it is
too close to mailing time it may

be held over till the next
issue. 0/0.

Don Lambert

Timex/Sinclair NorthAmerican
User Groups

Our only Magazine
Please Support it

UPDATE!

Computer Systems
P O BOX 1095
PERU IN 46970

l_ I BRARY

7.7.y.r.7.7.7.r.y.y.7.7.7.y.7.y.7.7.7.7.7.r.7.y.y.7.7.r.y.7.7.

! ! MAILING ADDRESSES ! !
7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.
It has come to my attention that
there are those out there that
do not want to use the telephone
to find out about availability
or the software and/or hardcopy
libraries. So for those I am
including the address of the
Vice-Chairmen if not given else
where in Zxir QLive Alive!.

Please! When writing enclose
a LSASE:

DAVE BENNETT (Z88)
329 WALTON ST REAR
LEMOYNE PA 17043

D. 6. SMITH (2068 TAPE/JLO)
R 415 STONE ST
JOHNSTOWN PA 15906

ED SNOW (ZX81 TAPE)
2136 CHURCHILL DOWNS CIR
ORLANDO FL 32825

ROD GOWAN (CCATS)

14784 QUAIL GROVE CIRCLE

OREGON CITY OR 97045

ROD HUMPHREYS (VSUG/2068)

10984 COLLINS PLACE

DELTA B. C. V4C 7E6 CANADA

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7. 5

COMPUTERFEST

. COMPUTERFEST 1993 sponsored by
the Dayton Microcomputer
Association, Inc. will be held
on Saturday August 28th from 10
AM to 6 PM and Sunday August
29th from 10 AM to 4 PM at the
HARA Conference & Exhibition
Center, 1001 Shiloh Springs Rd,
Dayton Ohio. Tickets are *5.00
in advance and *6. at the door.
T/Sers will used Red Roof Inn
North the last two times for
their accommodations.

%7.7.7.%%%%%%%7.%y-%y-y.?c%y-y-y.%y.%%%%%%

NOTE TO MEMBERS

If you have a question, an
article or a complaint send a
note or a Post Card tos>)

ABED KAHALE

335 W NEWPORT RD

HOFFMAN ESTATE IL 60195-3106

Phone: (708) 885-4337

OR

DONALD S. LAMBERT
1301 KIBLINGER PLACE
AUBURN IN 46706-3010
Phone (219) 925-1372

%y.%y.%7.%7.y.%%7.7.%%7.7.%7.7.%%7-%%?t%7.7.%
ITEMS AVAILABLE FROM T/SNUG

It has come to our attention
that some LarKen Users are using
something less than Vesion 3
firmware. T/SNUG will supply
updated EPROMS, SYSTEM DISKS,
and MANUALS. Call in request to
Bob Swoger at W708-576-8068
H708-837-7957

If you have a mismatch between
your LarKen DOS EPROM and your
Western Digital Controller chip,
we will send you the correct one
for free on behalf of our
friends Rod Gowan of RMG and
Larry Kenny of LarKen. You
should be using L3 EPROMS with
WD1770 controller chips or L3F
EPROMS with WD1772 controller

chips or L3F EPROMS with WD1772
controller chips. Check it out!
Call in requests to Bob Swoger
at W708-576-8968 H708-837-7957

SPECIAL DEALS AND BUYS

NAP_Ware (Nazir A- Pashtoon's
new endeaver) announces the
availability of all Time* or QL
PAL (Programmable Array Logic)
chips. If interested, call him
evenings at 708-439-1679.

If you are a LarKen LK-DOS owner
and would like a SPECTRUM V2 kit
for your system, we will supply
an EPROM, socket and 74HCT32 for
$12.00 which includes shipping
and handling. The install
instructions are in your LarKen
manual. We shall not be
responsible for your install
job. AERCO owners need only the
SPECTRUM EPROM for *10. *10 is
forwarded to LarKen. Call in
requests to Bob Swoger at
W708-576-8086 H708-837-7957

So you like to fly? The 747
Flight Simulator for Spectrum by
Derek Ash ton of DACC sold over
40K copies in EUROPE. Requires
Spectrum Emulator. At this time
supplied on Lark Ken SSDD only
for $10.00 which goes to Derek
Ashton, now working at MOTOROLA
with Bob Swoger. Call in
requests to Bob at W708-576-8068
H708-837 7957.

r.7.7."/.7.7.7.7.y.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.%7.'/.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.
rf=*FtT I CLES

SPDOS or yet another T/S 2068
disk DOS.

By Donald S. Lambert.

May back when there was a disk
interface for the T/S 2068
called Ramex Millenia K. See
UPDATE for January 1988 page 8.
SPDOS was originally marketed by
WATFORD ELECTRONICS as a disk
interface and operating ysytem.
KEPSTON later marketed a version
which used a smaller amount of
RAM, approx. 700 bytes (WATFORD g

used about 8K). A varient of the
SPDOS interface was marketed in
North America by Ramex
International, LTD and known as
the MILLENIA K. The SPDOS
presently being marketed by the
CUYAHOGA VALLEY SOFTWARE WORKS
is a modification of SPDOS for
the 2068 running on Oliger
hardware. It is sold under
license from ABBEYDALE DESIGNERS
LTD,, who wrote SPDOS.

It is still available from
CUYAHOGA VALLEY SOFTWARE WORKS;
615 SCHOOL AVE. ; CUYAHOGA FALLS,
OHIO 44221 for S24.95 plus *1.50
postage. Currently it is
available through CVSW only on
80 track 5.25 disks but I could
help make it available on 40
track 5.25 disks. The package
will consist of two disks and a
30 page manual .

The first disk is just a few
files and it converts the Oliger
disk system to accept SPDOS.
Then you place the SPDOS boot
disk in the first drive and
press enter and there is the
SPDOS screen and you are ready
to work with SPDOS. While the
Larken and the Oliger number the
disks 0, 1, 2, and 3; SPDOS
numbers the drives 1, 2, 3, and
4. And you have to use drive 1
(SPDOS #1 not Oliger #1) for the
boot disk. In fact there are
many things that require that
drive to have the SPDOS boot
disk in drive 1. The commands
are very similar to Larken
except that you can only use
PRINT #4: command: X.X.

The main differences that you
will find are that this is a RAM
based DOS and it is in memory
from 58500 thru 63500. It
supports sequential files and
also program overlays.

One main difference in the DOS
is that SPDOS FORMATS a track to
ten 512 sectors and the minumum
SAVE to disk is IK. Then there
is a maximum of 144 files to a
disk and if the disk is not a
data disk the first 15K is not

useable for SAVEing a file to
since it will have the BOOT
program there -

The only problem I had with
SPDOS was in copying the disks
using MOVE- The manual gave the
following:

PRINT #4: MOVE ,,M I PRINT

dl,d2

but when I tried it I got ERROR
messages mostly var not found.

I messed around and tried this
and that with more ERROR
messages. I finally called
Thomas Simon and he looked it up
in the manual and aha! this is
what I was supposed to have
used:

PRINT #4: MOVE "% ""■ PRINT 1,2
or whatever drives you are
copying from and to.

It worked, and when I asked
Frank Davis about it he said he
had the same problem.

To FORMAT a disk you can either
use the FORMAT that is in the
SYSCOPY program or use the
f ol lowing:

PRINT #4: FORMAT "disk name":
PRINT (number of the drive to be
formatted 1-4), (the number of
tracks of that drive 35, 40,
80 ) , ( the number of sides on the
drive 1 or 2), (and the stepping
rate 1-4 with 1=6MS, 2=12MS,
3=20MS, 4=30MS)

I have a version of MSCRIPT that
works with SPDOS but it has had
the memory shortened so that it
has about 2 1/2 pages of text or
ROOM in memory 9627. But it
works.

And now I have a copy of TASWORD
that works with SPDOS. But it
does have a limited file size.

And my thoughts about SPDOS is
that while it works it is not
friendly like either the Larken
or the Oliger DOS in that it is
software only and it uses up 11K

of memory. I now know what the
MSDOS users go through. First
you load the software that
prepares the Oliger for SPDOS
and then you LOAD SPDOS. And
SPDOS is not bashful 1 about
reporting an error code which
you seldom see with either the
Larken or the Oliger. It is a
joy to use a real user friendly
disk operating system.

RecordKeeping

While there are a few 'DataBase' softwares
available for the 2068 such as PROFILE, I like
to roH my own program. I needed some kind of
simple record to keep track of the membership
list. Of course this program can be used for any
other data keeping function. 1000 records, 32
characters each and 3K of free memory left.

MENU

1. START a new record.

2. ADD or Update a record.

3. LIST the records to the screen starting
at the record of your choice.

4. FIND a record by entering the first 3
characters.

5. SEARCH (wild-card) by entering
letter(s) or numeral(s). Handy when the
spelling is not sure.

6. CORRECTION to a record.

7. PRINT to large printer. Select margin
and column width, (delete fines 4000 to
4035 for the 2040)

8. SORT alphanumerically using SHELL
SORT routine, (about 100 records/
minute)

9. CATalogdisk.

0. SAVE "program" LINE 10.

Use GOTO G if you break, or loose data
if you use RUN.

The program can accommodate
addresses by changing D!M( 1000,32) to
say, DIM(350, 3, 32) with appropriate
changes to 0${... ) in the program.

5 DIM O$(1000,32)
10 CLS : LET 5=18: LET H=100

12 POKE 23658,8: POKE 23609,10: PAPER l: INK 9: BORDER 1: BEE

.03,40: BEEP .05,42: BEEP .03,45

15 PRINT PAPER 5;'RcorDBase by Abed Kahale 1992"

20 PRINT '"1 - Start a NEW File'

25 PRINT "2 - ADD new records)'

30 PRINT "3 - LIST records*

35 PRINT '"4 - FIND a record'

40 PRINT '"5 - SEARCH, Hi Id-Card ■ Use (GOTO 6) after BREAK
'"6 - CORRECT an entery"
'"7 - LPRINT records list*
"8 - SORT records'

'"9 - CATalog disk"TAB 19; INVERSE 1"FREE MEMORY*
65 PRINT '0 - SAVE to disk';TAB 24? INVERSE SGN PI? FREE
70 PAUSE NOT PI
100 LET L$=INKEY*

45 PRINT
50 PRINT
55 PRINT
60 PRINT

60 SUB VAL '200'
NEXT J

60 SUB VAL '600'
60 SUB VAL "700*
GO SUB VAL
60 SUB VAL
60 SUB VAL
60 SUB VAL
CLS : RANDOMIZE USR H: CAT
60 SUB VAL "9000 ,

'3(300'

■ ■

PAUSE 0

110 IF L$='l' THEN
120 IF L*='2" THEN
130 IF L$="3" THEN
140 IF L$="4" THEN
150 IF L$='5" THEN
168 IF L$="6" THEN
170 IF L$="7" THEN
175 IF L$='B' THEN
180 IF L$='9' THEN
190 IF L*="0" THEN
195 60 TO 6
2313 FOR J=l TO 1000

240 CLS : PRINT "ENTER "Z" TO TERMINATE ENTERIES'
250 PRINT AT VAL "10', VAL "10";"ITEM NUMBER "; FLASH 1?J
260 INPUT 'Title, Cassette* & Counter read-ing?"' LINE C$
265 IF LEN C*>32 THEN BEEP .5,40: PRINT INVERSE SGN PI," Ove
r 32 Characters - ReENTER ': PAUSE NOT PI: GO TO VAL '240'
270 IF C$='Z" THEN 60 TO 6
320 PRINT "C$

330 PRINT ""If Correct'? INVERSE SGN PI," ENTER'; INVERSE NOT
PI" If Not, ENTER any letter'
340 INPUT Z$

350 IF Z$<>" THEN 60 TO VAL '240"

360 LET 0$(J)=C*

380 NEXT J: RETURN

630 as : INPUT "START WITH t ';Q

640 FOR M=Q TO J

650 PRINT PAPER PI?M? PAPER SGN PI;0$(M): NEXT M

655 PRINT 'TAB VAL '20"; INVERSE 1;' NO MOW ": PAUSE NOT PI: R

ETURN

720 CLS : INPUT 'Title? (First 3 Letters>'" LINE N$
722 PRINT 'LOOKING FOR»-> ';N$
730 FOR M=l TO J

PAUSE NOT PI:

735>BEEP .805,38

740 IF 0$(H)( TO 3)=N$( TO 3) THEN 60 TO 770
750 NEXT M

768 PRINT 'TAB VAL '28'; INVERSE SGN PI;' NO MOW
RETURN

770 PRINT INVERSE 1?M; INVERSE 8;0$(M)

775 60 TO 750

788 PAUSE NOT PI: RETURN

890 REM =(WILD CARD SEARCH )=

900 as : INPUT 'ENTER any character(s)!"' LINE X$

905 PRINT "SEARCHING FOR>=-> "?X$

910 PRINT : POKE 23692,255

915 FOR N=l TO J

920 FOR K=l TO 33-LEN X$

930 IF 0$(N,K TO K+LEN X$-1)=X$ THEN GO TO 96i

935 NEXT K: NEXT N

940 PRINT 'TAB 20; INVERSE SGN PI;' NO MOW ': BEEP .5,40: PAUSE N
OT Pi: RETURN

960 BEEP .83,40: PRINT 0*(N)
965 60 TO 935
970 RETURN

1000 REM DELETES SPACES AFTER SORTING

1020 FOR N=l TO J: LET 0$(N)=0$(N+1)

1025 BEEP .005,40: NEXT N: GO TO G

3000 CLS : INPUT 'ENTER Record # to be corrected" "N

3018 PRINT INVERSE S6N PI;0$(N)

3030 INPUT "ENTER the correction" 'A*: IF A*=" THEN RETURN

3840 LET 0$(N)=A$: RETURN

4000 as : RANDOMIZE USR H: OPEN #3, 'LP'

4010 RANDOMIZE USR H: POKE 16092,0: RANDOMIZE USR H: POKE 16090,13

2: REM 132 columns

4015 INPUT 'Left Margin?' "R

4030 RANDOMIZE USR H: POKE 16094, R: LPRINT : REM MARGIN
4035 OUT 127,27: OUT 127,20: REM Condensed style/font
4040 INPUT 'Start printing with #"'Y"End printing with #"'Z
4045 FOR N=Y TO Z: LPRINT 0$(N): NEXT N
4050 RANDOMIZE USR H: aOSE #3: RETURN
8000 as : REM =( SHELL SORT )=

8005 PRINT AT VAL '10',VAL '12" J 'STANDBY' ;AT VAL
ASH SGN Pi;' SORTING '
8018 LET S=l
8028 LET S=S*2

8030 IF S<=J THEN GO TO 8028

8048 LET S=INT (S/2)

8050 IF S=8 THEN BEEP 1,30: RETURN

8060 FOR T=l TO J-S

8070 LET Y=T

8888 LET W=Y+S

8090 IF 0$(YX=0$(W) THEN GO TO 8150

8108 LET Z$=0$(Y>

8110 LET 0$(Y)=0$(W)

8120 LET 0$(W)=Z$

8138 LET Y=Y-S

8148 IF Y>0 THEN 60 TO 8080

8158 NEXT T

8160 60 TO 8040

9000 RANDOMIZE USR H: SAVE "DBSMPL.BZ" LINE 10
10 RANDOMIZE USR H: LOAD 'L.B1'

'13',VAL '10'; a

□isU Life

So, you've just spent big bucks
for a super piece of software,
made your back— up and are
working away with your working
copy. Suddenly while you are
working with a relatively
unimportant utility program on
another disk, your disk goes
bad. That's not a major problem.
You have a back-up somewhere,
but it gets you thinking about
your back-ups on your commercial
programs. What happens if they
go bad? Should you have made
them on some type of premium
disks to guard against that?

You scour through catalogs and
adds in magazines. There are
sources galore for disks, at all
prices, and some of them have
specifications. You run into one
spec called 'clipping level' and
the supplier claims that because
his disks have been tested to
higher clipping level they are
superior. Should you pay a
premium for disks with superior
specs? What do these specs mean?
Will your back-ups be less
likely to fail if you use
premium disks?

These are difficult questions to
answer. Perhaps an explanation
of some of the tests run on
disks and what can happen to
your back-ups with time would
help you make that decision. In
addition, you may be interested
in considering the cost
tradeoffs of using premium
disks.

As an engineer with many years
of experience in magnetic
recording I had never heard of
the term 'clipping level' until
it came up in a discussion on
KAY-FOG. In fact, I had never
seen a spec sheet in any box
or bag (I buy the cheap stuff by
mail order too) of disks I have
bought. However, I spent a few
years on a design team working
on a Winchester Drive for
personal computers. One of my
jobs was the specification and
testing of the disks used in the
drives.

by Ted Jensen

CLIPPING LEVEL: Since magnetic
media is pretty much the same
whether it's tape, disk, or
hardisks (the major difference
being the base material the
magnetic particles are bonded to
is mylar for tape and disks, and
aluminum for the hard disks), it
wasn't difficult for me to guess
at what was meant by 'clipping
level'. A little looking through
a parts catalog and I found a
specification on a chip designed
for use in disk drives and they
defined 'clipping level'
(although in rather vague
terms). It's unfortunate that
these words are used to describe
a test performed on disks since
they have a different and more
understood meaning throughout
the general electronics
industry. In any case we will
have to accept these words since
they are the ones used in the
advertisements .

In simple terms, your drive uses
a 'head' to read the information
on the disk. You can think of
this as being like the needle
and pick-up on a phonograph. The
head reads the magnetic
information previously written
on a disk and converts it into
an electrical signal. This
signal is furthur processed and
eventually takes on a form
suitable for transmission to
your computer as bits, or bytes,
which represents the data.

SIGNAL VARIATION: The size and
shape of the electrical signal
developed by the head varies for
many reasons. First of all, it
varies as a result of the
information written on the disk,
and this variation itself
represents that information .
However, there are other
variations which take place due
to imperfections in the head,
the mechanical characteristics
of the drive, or the
imperfections in the disk. These
variations, if large enough,
will lead to the drive
electronics not being able to
correctly decode the

information, and your computer
will indicate this by means of
some error massage that it can't
read the disk- It's therefore
important to keep these
variations (those not part of
the data) at a minimum.

COATING THICKNESS! Magnetic
disks or tapes are made by
bonding magnetic particles to a
flexible mylar backing material.
Characteristics which affect the
performance of the final product
include, but not limited to, the
magnetic nature of the
particles, the size of the
particles, (note: it's the
modification of these 2
properties that make the
difference between 1.2M disks
and a 36K disk), the thickness
of the coating, and, most
important to the subject of
'clipping level', the uniformity
of the coating- If a tiny part
of the disk, the size of a
pinhole, doesn't get coated, the
signal level recoverable from
that spot is reduced. Thus, if
there are a number of these of
sufficient size, the level of
the signal will be fairly
uniform until the 'pin-hole'
passes under the head, at which
point it will drop- The industry
refers to these as 'drop-outs'.
Furthurmore, if the coating
thickness varies over the
surface of the disk, the
amplitude of the signal can vary
in a relatively smooth manner as
the disk rotates. This is
generally not a serious problem,
however .

Your drive can recover data by
separating disk related
variations from the variations
in signal due to the real data,
provided that the disk related
variations are not too large.
Typically a drive might be able
to successfully ignore disk
related variations which did not
reduce the amplitude of the real
signal to less than 307. of the
normal output. This number,
however, also depends on a wide

variety of factors.

and varies

10

from drive to drive, even the
same model by the same
manufacturer .

Thus anything one could do to
assure that the level of these
disk related variations are held
within a specified range should
reduce the probablility of
errors. The key word is
'probability', and more will be
said about this later. Therefore
a disk which is tested to a
'clipping level' of 60% is
tested to assure that the
variations due to disk are small
enough that the signal level
never drops below 60%. That is,
the variations are held to a
range between 60% and 100%. It
follows that the higher the
'clipping level', the less
variation in signal output and
the reduced chance of a disk
error. Now comes the tough part.
How much extra money should you
pay for a disk tested to a 60%
level as compared to one tested
to a 40% level? Would you pay
50% more? Ten times as much? The
way I see it is this, there's a
high probability that if a buy
25 or 50 brand X disks and they
all work, whatever tests were
run on them were probably
sufficient to assure me that
brand X disks always work. I
have no way of knowing what
'clipping level' disks destined
for my drives should be tested
at, nor, do I believe, do the
manufacturers of floppy disks.

A WORD ABOUT HARD DISKSs In
Winchester drives the situation
is a little different. The
manufacturers of the disks which
go into these drives are
generally different companies
then those that make disk
drives. The drive manufacturer
imposes specifications on the
disk maker. Furthermore, the
drive manufacturer continually
tests the disks using
sophisticated equipment to be
sure that the disk maker meets
these specs. That is, people who
manufacture disks for use in
hard drives do not sell them

directly to the end user
(removable hard disks being the
exception ) -

BOTTOM LINE But, back to

floppies. Assume I buy 100 disks
from each of two sources.
SuperDisk for $2.00 dollars
each, and CheapDisk at *0.40
per. Finally, out of all the
disks I bought, one SuperDisk
and ten CheapDisks failed to
format. I have ended up paying
slightly over $2.00/disk for the
good SuperDisks, and about 45
cents each for the good
CheapDisks. I still think I got
a good buy on the CheapDisks.

MORE USE BETTER PERFORMANCE:

What about disk failures in the
future? That is as I use those
90 CheapDisks are they more
likely to fail in the future
then the 99 SuperDisks? Well, I
suppose there are those who
would argue with me that in fact
they would. But I really don't
believe it. The reason is that
the first few times I use a disk
its performance improves. The
surface of the disk is left
slightly rough because of the
manuaf acturing process and this
prevents good contact between
the head and the disk. This poor
contact degrades disk

performance. As the disk is used
and rotates past the head, the
head knocks off some particles
of the coating, smoothing the
surface and improving the
contact and the performance. In
tape recording, in critical
applications, new tape is nver
used without running it through
a machine at least once and
sometimes several times, just
for this reason. Therefore,
after I have used my CheapDisks
several times I feel more
comfortable with them then when
they were brand new.

HOW LONG WILL THEY LAST?:
finnally, what about the really
long term? Will CheapDisks
retain the information stored on
them equally as well as
SuperDisks, say over a period of

a 100 years? Well, here we are
dealing with real unknowns.
There are no disks around that
are a 100 years old. Magnetic
recordings using media of the
type used in disks is only about
40 years old. Archival data that
has been around for long periods
of time has turned out to be a
problem in a number of fields.
Ask a librarian about the
problems facing the Library of
Congress in protecting many of
its books.

There has been some experience
with magnetic recording in
general that may be of interest.
In tape, such as your audio or
videa cassettes, or computer
tape as used on large main
frames, there's a problem with
long term storage known as
'print through'. The magnetic
pattern on the tape representing
the information emanates a
magnetic field, just as the
North and South poles do. This
field is very minute, but still
present, and any material
susceptable to being magnetized
will do so in the presence of a
magnetic field. This is true
even for weak fields if the
material is held still within
the field for long periods of
time. All tape is susceptible to
being magnetized, that's its
prime purpose in lige. When
wound on a reel , each peice of
tape is tightly pressed against
another one, and each peice
emanates a field. If the tape is
left untouched for several
years, a little of the
information recorded on each
peice is transferred to mix with
the information on the adjacent
piece. In audio tapes one can
hear this as low level
background of the same music
that played either a few seconds
earlier or a few seconds later,
particularly where a loud
passage is immediately followed
by a quiet one.

Normally disks have a jacket
around them that is fairly
thick. Thus it's unlikely that

print through would take place
between disks. On double sided
disks however, the magnetic
information on one side is
pretty close to that on the
other side, the distance being
the same range as that
previously discussed in the case
of tape on a reel. If I were to
make a guess at the first cause
of long term failure, in the
sense of not being able to
recover 100% of the material
from a floppy, I would guess
that 'print through' would be
the cause .

RE-COPY YOUR FLOPPIES: Someone
once raised the question of
whether it makes sense to
re-copy masters of back-ups from
time to time to make new
back-ups. My initial reaction
was that I didn't think it was
worthwhile. Having given it some
thought, however, it might not
be a bad idea. If there's a
degradation that takes place
with time on an untouched
back-up as it sits on the shelf,
re— copying does in fact restore
the information to a more
pristine state and thus acts as
added protection against the
probability of losing your data.
As to SuperDisks being any
better then CheapDisks in an
archival sense, I can think of
no reason why there should be
any difference, but perhaps we
won ' t know that answer for
another 100 years.

HOW COME SO CHEAP? There are a
lot of reasons SuperDisks sell
for more than CheapDisks. They
spend more on advertising, or
packaging, and possibly
corporate headquarters. They
sell primarily to companies,
which avoid buying anything by
mail order from some post office
box across the country. And they
sell at the price they do
because people are willing to
pay for it, whatever the reason.
In fact, however, if you look
into it you'll find that many of
the people selling the cheaper 19
disks are buying their raw

materials from the same source
as those selling the expensive
versions. The whole thing about
mass produced products, whether
it's disks, drives, computers,
or light bulbs, is that they are
produced on a statistical basis.
That is, costs are reduced to
the point where the chance of a
bad one getting to the user is
acceptably low. This is simply
good business. No company can
stay in business if it strives
for perfection in a commercial
product line. Only governments
can afford products which have
been tested to the level of a
space shuttle, and as we've
found out, even they're not as
perfect as needed. Personally
I've always bought the least
expensive disks I could find,
furthurmore, I buy single sided,
single density disks and use
them in double sided double
density drives with no problems.
On one occasion, I paid over
$25.00 for a box of 10 disks. It
was a Sunday, I needed them, and
they were the only ones I could
find. One of the disks proved to
be one of the few I ever ran
into that was bad right out of
the box.

On last comment on

probabilities. If the odds of a
given disk failing is 1 in 1,000
under whatever circumstances,
the chance of 2 failing under
the same circustances is 1 in
1,000 times 1,000 or 1 in
1,000,000. Anyone for making 2
45 cent back-ups instead of 1
$2.00 backup?

PSs I've taken some liberties in
the preceding comments in the
interest of keeping it from
becoming overly technical but I
don't believe these affect the
substance of the arguments for
purchasing lower cost disks.
Also, I wasn't able to find
detailed information on the
testing of disks in the
literature and much of the above
is based on extending my
experience from tape and hard
disks to floppy disks. I'd

appreciate it if anyone having
more information on the subject,
or finding inaccuracies within
this tome contact me by mail at:
P. 0- BOX 324, Redwood City, CA
94062.

COMMENTS by Don Lambert

Without going into the elements
of costs I am interested in long
term storage of programs on
floppy disks. How long will a
disk hold data without loss? In
other words how long before I
should make backup copies and
then refresh the original disk?
Is that an element that can be
addressed in any fashion?

But the above article does give
some insights into the problem.
First there is the problem of
"print through". One way to
avoid that problem is to FORMAT
and SAVE to single sided disks.
But if the disks take eight
years to "print through" and the
disks themselves even if single
sided no longer retain data more
than ten years then it is not
much of a gain to use single
sided disks. What is the
shortest time that a disk will
fail? What is the longest time?
If one would check a thousand
disks annually what is the bell
curve of the recoverable data
from the disks?

And then the concept of using a
disk a few times to smooth up
the "rough spots", is another
idea. But is it practical?
Should one FORMAT a disk a
number of times before it is
used as the "archive copy"? If
you do would it not be a good
idea to use a disk drive that is
not your #1 best drive but a
drive that is relegated to that
purpose. In my experience I have
had a very few disks that would
FORMAT on the 3rd or 4th try
when they wouldn't FORMAT the
first times. Is this the reason
why?

Anyone have any comments on
this?

DISK LIFE!
By Ed Snows

To answer your question about
how long tapes will last. Data
tapes, when kept in a
temperature and humidity
controlled environmemt will
retain their ability to hold
data virturally forever.
However, as you pointed out, the
condition of "bleed through" or
"print throught" will gradually
erase the data that is on the
tape. To prevent this, tapes
must be rewound periodically.
Most companies having large
amounts of data stored on tape
will employ a tape librarian
whose duties include the
rewinding of tapes. Most
companies will rewind every few
months. If you keep your
cassette tapes away from excess
humidity and rewind them
periodically they should last
far longer than you or I will!
Of course this assumes good
quality tapes that have not been
exposed to ultraviolet (which
destroys the mylar substrate of
the tape) or excess heat. The
general rule is that if you are
comfortable in the environment,
then so are your tapes.

As far as floppy diskettes are
concerned, they are basically
just round tapes. They also are
made of mylar, and the coatings
used are basically the same.
However, with diskettes you do
not have the problem of bleed
through because the mylar is
much thicker than that used in
cassette tapes. At least that is
what I have been told. On a
diskette, the problem is that
the data is stored by aligning
the iron oxide particles in the
coating either north-south
(representing a 1) or
south-north (representing a 0).
Or vice-versa (I never can
remember which is which).
Anyway > the north pole of a
binary 1 will attract the south
pole of an adjacent binary 0 and
eventually cancel each other

out. The designers take this
into consideration when they
plan the data density that the
diskette will use. As hardware
became more efficient and the
quality of the coatings
improved, data densities have
gone up without sacrificing
reliability. This means that in
the same environment, the
diskette will hold data just as
long as tape will. A friend of
mine has floppy diskettes from
an old Ohio Scientific kit
computer from 1979 that are
still readable after 13 years.
I have at the college 8"
diskettes dated from 1972 that
are still readible and reusable
on a System 34 minicomputer.
That's 20 years!

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FOR SALE:

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.

SHARP'S COMPUTER CENTER

7244 MEGHAN I CSV I LLE TURNPIKE

MECH AN I CSV I LLE VA 23111

(804) 730-9697 FAX (804)

746-1978

QL COMPUTERS S35.00 EACH
(UNTESTED) WITH POWER SUPPLY,
MANUAL AND 4 PSION SOFTWARE,
*10.00 SHIPPING PER COMPUTER. I
HAVE OVER 150 COMPUTERS LEFT
OVER FROM THE A+ BUYOUT. GREAT
FOR SPARE PARTS. NO WARRANTY.
ALSO SELLING JUST THE PSION
SOFTWARE FOR *5.00 FOR THE 4
PACK, GREAT FOR REFORMATTING.
LOTS OF BACK ISSUES OF QL WORLD
-*1.00 EACH. JAN JONES
"DEFINITIVE HANDBOOK" ON THE QL-
*5.00 EACH. "Z88 MAGIC" BOOK

-*5.00 EACH. *1.50 POSTAGE ON
EACH BOOK, MAGAZINE, OR PSION
SET. VISA & MC ACCEPTED. MARK
STUEBER

WANTED:

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.
ZX-GR also called MMRY-RES
memory graphics unit, this is
the only 64K Ram Pac that will
work with the 1500.
A. E. GREEN

4600 E HILLSBOROUGH AVE
TAMPA FL 33610-5250

WANTED:

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.
INFORMATION ON HOW TO LOAD A
MSCRIPT (TS 2068 WORD PROCESSOR)
FILE INTO A TS 2068 PROGRAM TO
AVOID THE RETYPING OF COMMENTS
TO BE PUT INTO A REM STATEMENT.
I HAVE HEARD IT CAN BE DONE BUT
HAVE NO FURTHUR INFORMATION.
DONALD S. LAMBERT
1301 KIBLINGER PLACE
AUBURN IN 46706-3010

WANTED:

7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7.7//.7.7.7.7.7.
INFORMATION ON HOW TO READ WITH
A TS 2068 A QL ASCII FILE USING
THE LARKEN DISK INTERFACE. IT
CAN BE DONE WITH A PROGRAM ON A
MSDOS DISK SO LONG AS THE DISK
IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE SIZE AND
TYPE OF DISK DRIVE. IT ONLY
NEEDS TO CONVERT THE TEXT FILES
INTO MSCRIPT AND THE CLEANUP OF
PRINTER CODES CAN BE DONE THEN.
DONALD S. LAMBERT
1301 KIBLINGER PLACE
AUBURN IN 46706-3010

COMPUTER CLASSICS

RTl BOX 117

CABOOL MO 65689
Repair Service for America's
Favorite Home Computers
and their Accessories
ADAM ATARI COMMODORE
IBM OSBORNE SINCLAIR
TIMEX TI TRS-80
BUY SELL TRADE UPGRADE
Write for prices S ASE appreciated
Phone 417 469-4571

ZXir QLive Alive! QUEST I ON A I RE

In order to provide you with articles and information pertaining
to your T/S computers I need to know which models that you use.
I would not like to have a lengthy article pertaining to a
computer or hardware that none have.

NAME (First

MI

Last)

Address

City

State

ZIP

( >

(Area code)

Phone

Number

Bes

it Time to Call

I OWN THE FOLLOWING COMPUTER (S) and related equipment.

ZX80 ; ZX81 ; T/S 1000 ; PCS300 .

ZX SPECTRUM 5 T/S 2068 W/SPECTRUM ROM : T/S 2068

QL & HOW MUCH MEMORY AND UPDATES _

PRINTERS; T/S 2040 ; ZX 5 ALPHACOM

FULL SIZED PRINTER: MODEL NUMBER AND BRAND OF PRINTER AND

I NTERFACE

JOYSTICKS (MODEL) ; PLOTTER

TAPE RECORDER (MAKE AND MODEL)

TVs SIZE ;B & W COLOR ;

MONITOR: BRAND, SIZE, MODEL FOR WHICH COMPUTER.

MODEM: MAKE, MODEL^ COMPUTER

DISK STORAGES WHICH COMPUTER, MAKE OF INTERFACE, MAKE AND SIZE

OF DISK DRIVES INCLUDING HARD DRIVES .

OTHER EQUIPMENT, SPECIFY

WHAT DO YOU NEED INFORMATION ABOUT OR WOULD LIKE TO SEE
ARTICLES ABOUT OR COMMENTS:

15

Input/Output

Terry Graham Is looking for an article
tn TURBO for the ZX-81 authored by a
user from Australia that appeared in a
Newsletter, possibly Long Island LIST.
TERRY GRAHAM
9743 S W LONDON CT
TIGARD OR 97223

Edward Radtke (WA4BQE) has been
looking for a VOTEM analog interface for
three years. (The VOTEM is used for
measuring voltage and temperature)
Anyone?

EDWARD RADTKE
1602 WOODLUCK AVE
LOUISVILLE KY 40205

Wayne Knaust looking for information

on how to add 16K Memotek Rampack to
his 32K. The RAMTOP resets and still
ends up with 32K instead of 48R on his

TS-1000.

WAYNE KNAUST

2 PEAR TREE CT

ST PETERS MO 63376

H 314 441-2303 W 314 895-6718

Keep 'em coming

Greg Newkifk of Long Beach CA :-
"Thank you and please let everyone
working on the Newsletter know that they
are doing a great job."

Robert Madaris of Trafford AL :- "It
is GREAT indeed that we are QLlve
ALive!"

Dan Elliott of Cabool MO :- "The
Company name is not "ZX REPAIR", it is
"Computer Classics"."
COMPUTER CLASSICS
RT 1 BOX 117
CABOOL MO 65689

417 469-4571

Sorry Dan, the error has been corrected.
Dan trades and repairs classic home
computers.

Fred Henn of Amherst NY:-" Fd like to
sec a copy of your Newsletter. When
SNUG originally formed, I sent in my
"application" to join the Org. Nothing
happened .. so after 3 or 4 letters with no
reply .. I quit trying."

Alexander Sweitzer of Fayette City
PA :- "I would be very pleased to receive
your quarterly Newsletter. I am glad the
Timex is not completely forgotten. Cur-
rently, I own 24 Timex 1000, 1 Timex
2068, 2 Z88, 1 Sharp Laptop, and 4
ADAM computers. As you see I like the
orphan computers."

William Hanes of Schenectady NY :-
Tn still using my 2068 as writing BASIC
is a lot easier than with QBASIC on my
386."

Same here, Bill.

Albert Seyler of Pocahontas AR,
Teaches Electricity/Electronics at the
Black River Technical College. "I have
used the Timex/Sinclair computer since the
day I completed the assembly of my first
ZX. I am sure that I have written a
hundred or more programs for use by my
students in solving different electrical and
math problems, programs from simple total
scries resistance to programs for solving
simultaneous equations."

Les Cottrell of Cocoa FL "Your
Newsletter appears to be worthwhile so
I will enclose a $10 bill for Mem-
bership". .. "I have written several ar-
ticles for the "Sine-Link" and you
would be most welcome to print them in
your Newsletter if any of the articles
seem worthwhile."
Thanks Les.

Fred Henn of Amherst NY. "I still
prefer the 2068 over the other
computers I "played" with.". " Found it
interesting that Don Lambert (in his: 50
tips) refers only to the Spectrum. Does
this assume that all 2068*8 are now
equipped with a Spectrum emulator?
(mine isn't). Also ... I don't know what
"musical" capabilities the Spectrum
has, but the 2068 has very satisfactory
"musical" capabilities (especially when
played through a good sound system."
Most of the 50 Tips will work with the
2068 except for those for JOYSTICK
and ROM calls, I belief e. What says
you, Don?

With fancy programming to the BEEP
command, the Spectrum can come
close to the 2068.

v Supporting T/SNUG

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4

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JrranK

if Hi-
Mills

CAM

5/93

Gregory

Newtanc

5/93

Gilliam

Parrish

9/92

Edwin

Phillips

4/92

TI t

Hugh

PoIIey

5/93

T„ 1...

John

TV A fit

Ponerbeld

4 /At

4/92

TT I

Hugh

Scriven

11/92

Robert

Shade

2/92

John

Shepard

5/92

Louis

Simon

6/93

Francine

Sklar

4 /At

4/92

n J . -l

Edward

Snow

5/93

Alexander

oweitzer

ffyj

Mike

Stephens

4/92

Stuart

Walton

4/92

Basil

Wentworth

4/92

Ivan

Zachev

4/92

Wesley ©

Zapotochna

6793

As of July 7, 1993, we have a
balance of $529.27 from 6 groups,
2 dealers and individual contribu-
tors.

Abed Kahale, Treasurer

The

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